The Palindrome & Emordnilap

In rhetoric, a palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backwards as forwards.  

The word palindrome was introduced by Henry Peacham, the English poet and writer, in 1638.  It is derived from the Greek roots “πάλιν”, meaning “again” and “δρóμος” meaning “way”, or “direction”.  However, there is a different word is used in Greek, “καρκινικός” “carcinic”, which literally means “crab-like”, to refer to letter-by-letter reversible writing. 

English has a surfeit of palindrome words, such as eye, redivider, deified, civic, radar, level, rotor, kayak, reviver, racecar, madam, and refer.  Palindromic sentences, on the other hand, are rare.  A John Taylor coined one in 1614: : “Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel.”  In 1848, a certain “J.T.R.”, who is still unknown, coined, “Able was I ere I saw Elba”.  This became famous after it was implausibly attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte, alluding to his exile on Elba.  Another famous palindrome, for its time, was from 1948: “A man, a plan, a canal – Panama.”  The authorship is uncertain.  Other examples include, “Dogma I am God”, “Mr. Owl ate my metal worm”, “Do geese see God?”, and “Was it a car or a cat I saw?”.  In many cases, punctuation, capitalisation, and spaces are ignored.  Some, such as “Rats live on no evil star”, “Live on time, emit no evil”, and “Step on no pets”, include the spaces in the palindrome. 

Another form of palindrome are word-unit palindromes.  Word-unit palindromes are where the unit of reversal is the word.  For example, “Is it crazy how saying sentences backwards creates backwards sentences saying how crazy it is?”.  James Albert Lindon, the English puzzle enthusiast and poet, made word-unit palindromes popular in the recreational linguistics community in the 1960s. 

The longest palindromic word in the Oxford English Dictionary is the onomatopoeic “tattarrattat”.  This was coined by James Augustine Aloysius Joyce, the Irish novelist, in “Ulysses”, in 1922.  It referred to a knock on the door.  The Guinness Book of Records gives the title to “detartrated”, the preterite and past participle of detartrate, a chemical term meaning to remove tartrates.  “Redivider” is used by some writers, but appears to be an invented or derived term since only “redivide” and “redivision” appeared in the Oxford Dictionary.  The word, “Malayalam”, referring to a South Indian language, is of equal length.

English palindromes of notable length include mathematician, Dr. Peter John Hilton’s, “Doc, note: I dissent.  A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod”. and Scottish poet, Alastair Reid’s “T. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid tang emanating, is sad; I'd assign it a name: gnat dirt upset on drab pot toilet.” 

In contrast, we have the anadrome, or emordnilap.  “Emordnilap” is simply “palindrome” backwards.  They refer to words whose spelling is derived by reversing the spelling of another word.  This makes it a specific type of anagram.  “Anadrome” is derived from Ancient Greek “ανα”, meaning “backwards”, and “δρóμος” meaning “way”, or “direction”.  Anadromes are also called levidromes, or reverse pairs.  Examples of anadromes include the following: 

Abut and tuba

Avid and diva

Bard and drab

Bats and stab

Brag and garb

Decal and laced

Deeps and speed

Doom and mood

Edit and tide

Flow and wolf

Gnat and tang

Maws and swam

Redraw and warder

Remit and timer

Sloops and spools

Snaps and spans

Sports and strops

Way and yaw

The Money Multiplier Effect

Contrary to what most people think, banks do not simply take in deposits on the promise of interest, and loan these deposits out for higher interest.  That is a simplistic understanding of retail banking.  Once we factor in non-performing loans, currency exposure and other forms of risk and costs, the revenue is not much. 

What banks actually do is play with the balance sheet.  When a bank issues a loan, it credits that amount as an asset on the balance sheet.  This same amount can be transferred to another bank, or even a different part of the same banking group as a liability.  Although no new physical money is actually created, we have a new deposit, meaning new money is actually added to the banking system. 

Of course, there has to be a limit to how much money can be created out of nothing, and added to the system.  This is the reserve requirement that central banks impose on the banks.  The reserve requirement is the amount of funds a bank needs to hold in reserve to ensure it can meet liabilities in case of sudden withdrawals.  The level of reserve requirements is a tool of monetary policy.  It is a means used by the central bank to increase or decrease the money supply in the economy, and therefore influence interest rates. 

Within its reserve requirement, any bank can lend directly from any new deposit.  For example, if the reserve ratio is 10 percent, and the bank’s new deposit is US$1 million, the bank can now lend out US$909,000 which can be deposited with another bank.  This creates another new deposit, which can be used to lend out another $819,000 dollars.  This can be repeated ad infinitum, creating an effect we call the “money multiplier”.  In effect, the total money supply is unlimited.  None of this money exists physically.  There is a tenuous link to GDP and economic activity since borrowing depends on this.  Because there is no actual underlying commodity to back this money, the system goes through a cyclical correction we recognise as market crashes.